Cervical Cancer is cancer of the cervix, the lower portion of the lower part of the uterus that opens into the birth canal. It is one of the most common cancers of women worldwide but also one of the most preventable.
The cervix has two types of cells that make up the lining of the uterus: Flat-shaped cells (called “squamous cells”) that make up the outer part and tall, column-like “glandular cells” that make up the inner part of the cervical canal. Both cells can become cancerous, but squamous cells are much more likely than so.
Almost all cervical cancers are caused by the human papilloma (HPV) virus. There are over 100 types of HPV, some of which cause higher risk than others. Seventy percent of cervical cancers are caused by two types of HPV: HPV-16 and HPV-18. These two viruses are able to produce proteins that turn off protection against tumor growth in the body. This can cause cells to grow in an uncontrolled manner, creating a tumor.
Risk Factors
HPV is a very common sexually transmitted infection. By age 50, about 80% of women are infected. In most women, HPV infections resolve on their own and do not cause cancers.
Some factors that may increase risk for ongoing HPV infections are:
- Weakened immune system
- Other sexually transmitted diseases
- Smoking
- Having many children
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
Symptoms
While early cervical cancer generally has no symptoms, later-stage symptoms of cervical cancer are:
- Irregular/abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse, between periods and after menopause
- Pelvic pain during intercourse
- Unusual vaginal discharge (watery, bloody, foul odor)
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it’s important to discuss them with your doctor
Screening
In a PAP test, cells are scraped from the cervix and checked for pre-cancerous changes. An HPV DNA test, which is a more sensitive test, actually looks for DNA of HPV in cells of the cervix.
It’s important to note that many cases of cervical cancer occur in women who are not adequately screened. Currently, it is recommended that women aged 21-30 have a PAP test every three years, and women aged 31-65 get both a PAP test and HPV DNA test every five years.
Treatment for Cervical Cancer
There are many forms of treatment for cervical cancer, and you and your oncologist will determine what is right for you. This plan of treatment may include:
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
Your plan can also include a combination of these treatments.
A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but remember—cervical cancer is highly treatable, and many people go on to live healthy, full lives.
